On December 3, 2025, the European Commission published its first set of technical FAQs on the EU Cyber Resilience Act (‘CRA’). The CRA is an EU-wide law which lays down cybersecurity requirements for ‘products with digital elements’ (‘PDEs’), including IoT devices, hardware components, and certain software. It becomes fully applicable on December 11, 2027, with […]
Board Governance & Cyber Risk Management
New York Regulates Large Artificial Intelligence Models
On December 19, 2025, just eight days after President Trump issued an executive order titled “Ensuring a National Policy Framework for Artificial Intelligence” to challenge burdensome state laws that regulate artificial intelligence (the “December 2025 EO”), New York Governor Kathy Hochul signed the Responsible Artificial Intelligence (“AI”) Safety and Education Act (the “RAISE Act”). The […]
UK Cybersecurity Legislation Soon to be Introduced
The UK Government has introduced the Cyber Security and Resilience (Network and Information Systems) Bill (the “Bill”) to Parliament, marking the most significant update to the UK’s cyber legislation since 2018. You can access a copy of the Bill here. The Bill aims to strengthen national security and protect critical infrastructure networks in key sectors […]
UK’s National Cyber Security Centre Releases 2025 Annual Review
The United Kingdom’s National Cyber Security Centre (NCSC) has released its Annual Review for 2025. As in 2024, the report covers the UK’s cyber security position as well as the country’s readiness to deal with those threats. A copy of NCSC’s report is available here. The Annual Review states that “it is time to act”. […]
Key Breach Notification Updates in California and Oklahoma for 2026
Effective January 1, 2026, new legislation in California and Oklahoma will introduce important updates to each state’s breach notification requirements. These changes may significantly impact breach response obligations for businesses operating in or handling data related to residents of these states. Below is a summary of the key provisions under each law. California – Senate […]